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Advanced Placement (AP) is a program in the United States and Canada, created by the College Board, which offers college-level curricula and examinations to high school students. American colleges and universities often grant placement and course credit to students who obtain high scores on the examinations. The AP curriculum for each of the various subjects is created for the College Board by a panel of experts and college-level educators in that field of study. For a high school course to have the AP designation, the course must be audited by the College Board to ascertain that it satisfies the AP curriculum. If the course is approved, the school may use the AP designation and the course will be publicly listed on the AP Course Ledger. In 2013, the most taken AP exam was English Language and Composition with 476,277 students, and the least taken AP exam was Japanese Language and Culture with 1,169 students. ==History== After the end of World War II, the Ford Foundation created a fund that supported committees studying education. The program, which was then referred to as the "Kenyon Plan,"〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url=https://lbis.kenyon.edu/sca/markers/college )〕 was founded and pioneered at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, by the then college president Gordon Chalmers. The first study was conducted by three prep schools—the Lawrenceville School, Phillips Academy and Phillips Exeter Academy—and three universities—Harvard University, Princeton University and Yale University. In 1952 they issued the report ''General Education in School and College: A Committee Report'' which recommended allowing high school seniors to study college level material and to take achievement exams that allowed them to attain college credit for this work. The second committee, the Committee on Admission with Advanced Standing, developed and implemented the plan to choose a curriculum. A pilot program was run in 1952 which covered eleven disciplines. The College Board, a non-profit organization〔(About the College Board ) from collegeboard.com〕 based in New York City, has run the AP program since 1955.〔(The History of the AP Program ) from collegeboard.com〕 From 1965 to 1989, Harlan Hanson was the director of the Advanced Placement Program. It develops and maintains guidelines for the teaching of higher level courses in various subject areas. In addition, it supports teachers of AP courses, and supports universities.〔(The Advanced Placement Program ) from collegeboard.com〕 These activities are funded through fees charged to students taking AP Exams. In 2006, over one million students took over two million Advanced Placement examinations.〔(Program Summary Report 2006 ) from collegeboard.com〕 Many high schools in the United States offer AP courses,〔(AP Fact Sheet ) from collegeboard.com〕 though the College Board allows any student to take any examination, regardless of participation in its respective course.〔(AP: Frequently Asked Questions ) from collegeboard.com〕 Therefore, home-schooled students and students from schools that do not offer AP courses have an equal opportunity to take the examination. As of the 2015 testing season, exams cost $91 each,〔https://apstudent.collegeboard.org/takingtheexam/exam-fees〕 though the cost may be subsidized by local or state programs. Financial aid is available for students who qualify for it; the exam reduction is $26 or $28 per exam from College Board plus an additional $8 rebate per fee-reduced exam from the school. There may be further reductions depending on the state. Out of the $89, $8 goes directly to the school to pay for the administration of the test, which some schools will reduce to lower the cost to the student. On April 3, 2008, the College Board announced that four AP courses – French Literature, Latin Literature, Computer Science AB, and Italian Language and Culture – would be discontinued after the 2008–2009 school year due to lack of funding.〔(Important Announcement about AP Italian Language and Culture ) from collegeboard.com〕 However, the Italian Language and Culture test was again offered beginning in 2011. Starting July 2013 AP allowed students for the first time to both view and send their scores online.〔(AP Online Scores )〕 The number of AP exams administered each year has seen a steady increase over the past decade. In 2003, 175,860 English Language and Composition exams were administered. By 2013, this number had risen to 476,277, or an increase of 171%. Such an increase has occurred in nearly all AP exams offered, with the AP Psychology exam seeing a 281% increase over the past decade. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「advanced placement」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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